Halogen-containing resin compositions containing crystalline cyclic organic compounds and stabilizer combinations employing the same



United States Patent HALOGEN-CONTAINING RESIN COMPOSITIONS I US. Cl. 26045.7.5 19 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Polyvinyl chloride resin compositions are provided containing cyclic crystalline organotin compounds, alone or in combination with other stabilizers, as well as stabilizer compositions containing them in combination with one or more of a phenol, organic sulfide, a mercapto acid compound, an aromatic amine, an organic compound containing at least one epoxy group, and/or a polyvalent metal salt of an organic acid.

This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 454,966, filed May 11, 1965, now abandoned and a division of application Ser. No. 663,529, filed Aug. 28, 1967, now US. Patent No. 3,3 84,649.

This invention relates to halogen-containing resins stabilized with such compounds, to a process for stabilizing halogen-containing resins by incorporating such compounds with the resin, and also to stabilizer compositions for halogen-containing resins including an organotin compound of the invention.

Organotin compounds generally are recognized stabilizers of high efficiency for halogen-containing resins such as polyvinyl chloride and coplymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate or other copolymerizable monomers. Most of the commonly used organotin compound stabilizers are liquids. Some of these have a strong odor that cannot be entirely overcome in the resin composition. A liquid stabilizer is difiicult to handle under certain conditions, and

i in addition, when used in relatively large proportions, may

undesirably diminish the softening temperature of the resin. Furthermore, these tin compounds are usually toxic and therefore have not been used in containers for foodstuffs. This toxicity is important because of the generally high solubility of organotin materials in organic solvents, which results in the migration of the stabilizer into any organic material contained therein.-

Two well-known organotin compounds which are solids are dibutyltin oxide and dibutyltin maleate. Although dibutyltin oxide is not readily soluble it is a poor stabilizer in halogen-containing resins. Dibutyltin maleate has good stabilizing properties but introduces odors during processing, and tends to produce compositions which plate out on the rolls and have poor lubricity. In many cases, the resin compositions containing this stabilizer are brittle. The art has accordingly accepted the liquid condition of organotin stabilizers as the optimum, and many such stabilizers have been formulated and marketed. Furthermore, workers in this field considered easy solubility of organotin stabilizers to be desirable, to simplify blending and forming of resin compositions.

Organotin compounds containing tin linked to carbon in the form of alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups and to oxygen in the form of carboxylate groups such as maleate, benzoate, laurate, or acetate are the subject of many patents. U.S. Patent No. 2,307,157 to Quattlebaum et al., dated Jan. 5, 1943, is a very early patent in this field, and describes organotin salts of alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as dibutyltin dimaleate. Quattlebaum et al. point out that the organotin salts of saturated carboxylic acids are less satisfactory than the salts of the unsaturated acids, because of a decrease in clarity in the finished resin.

Saturated acid salts of organotin bases are described in Yngve US. 2,307,092, dated J an. 5, 1943, and in US. Patent No. 2,560,034, dated July 10, 1951 to Eberly. Eberly also discloses the alkyltin salts of aromatic acids such as the benzoates, heterocyclic acids such as the furoates, and dibasic saturated acids such as the succinates and sebacates.

Mack et al. in Patent No. 2,592,926, dated Apr. 15, 1952, point out that with increasing length of the carboxylic chain the compatibility of organotin salts of the higher fatty acids is decreased. If dibutyltin dilaurate is used in amounts of more than 2 to 3%, for instance, it tends to exude or sweat out, giving an oily or greasy film on the surface. Furthermore, films prepared from such resins show a slight haze instead of the clarity desired.

The saturated organotin carboxylic acid salts have not, however, been outstanding stabilizers. Accordingly, the art proceeded to develop organotin thio acid monoester salts, such as the mercaptoalkanoic acid esters of US. Patents No. 2,641,588 and No. 2,641,596, dated June 9, 1953, to Leistner et al., and US. Patent No. 2,648,650 to Weinberg et al., dated Aug. 11, 1953. These compounds are now recognized as the best available organotin stabilizers. They are, of course, liquids, but they impart outstanding stability to halogenated resins containing them, and they are markedly free from undesirable side effects. The only problem is their odor.

Attempts have been made to develop polymeric organotin salts which are useful stabilizers for halogencontaining resins and which have low vapor pressures at the high processing temperatures of the resin. Mack et al. in US. Patents No. 2,592,926 dated Apr. 15, 1952, No. 2,626,953, dated Ian. 27, 1953, and No. 2,628,211, dated Feb. 10, 1953, describe a number of organotin compounds derived from polymers of dialkyltin oxides. The compounds disclosed in Patent No. 2,592,926 have the formula:

R8 (R O) S nO)R wherein R0 is an aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl alkoxy radical, R is the residue of an alkyl, alicyclic or aryl radical of the (-RO) group, and R and R stand for members of the group consisting of alkyl and aryl. n designates the degree of polymerization, and can be a number having a value higher than 1.

The compounds of No. 2,626,953 have the formula:

wherein R and R are alkyl, aralkyl or alicyclic groups attached to the terminal oxygen of the central tin oxide chain through a carbon-oxygen linkage, R and R stand for alkyl or aryl radicals, and n is any number higher than 1.

The polymers of No. 2,628,211 to Mack et al. are the esters of the polymeric stannanediols having the formula:

where R is alkyl or aryl, and n is a numeral from 1 to 11. These linear polymeric stannanediols are esterified by reaction with an aliphatic monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic saturated or unsaturated acid. The polymeric material may also be formed by the polymerization of the monomeric J 1 13.5 n R0 Mack et a1. could also obtain the higher polymers wherein all of the Rs were aliphatic groups and n is an integer from 2 to 10. Example 2, for instance, describes a polymeric dibutyltin diacetate in the form of a dimer, a trimer and a heptamer solid. Example 3 describes a dibutyltin di(Z-ethylhexoate) which was polymerized. However, the only crystalline compound disclosed or suggested by Mack et al. was a diaryltin compound. All of the dialkyltin compounds were either liquids, or waxy solids in the case of the higher polymers. The diaryltin materials are not as effective stabilizers as are the dialkyltin compounds.

Sawyer in US. Patent No. 3,083,217 discloses di(tin) compounds having the general formula:

These materials represent a departure from the above-cited references in that they lack the group common to the earlier compounds wherein each tin atom in the molecule is joined only to carbon or to oxygen.

The problem with most of these compounds, however, is that the low molecular weight compounds which are more compatible with the resins are liquids or relatively low-melting solids, and the high molecular weight compounds, which are solids and resemble the dialkyltin oxides are poorly compatible and less effective as stabilizers than the simple dialkyltin diacylates. (See No. 2,628,211, column 3, lines 19-28.) In addition, most of the materials that are fairly high-melting solids are not crystalline, but are rather waxy, amorphous materials which have at least some of the structural deficiencies of liquids, and lack the solvent resistance of three-dimensional crystalline compounds. Although some of the basic dibutyltin acetates are crystalline solids, they melt at 80 C. or lower and are readily soluble in organic solvents.

In accordance with the invention, cyclic crystalline polymeric dialkyltin salts of aromatic carboxylic acids are provided which have the extremely useful characteristics of melting at a temperature above 90 C. and are relatively insoluble in the usual organic solvents. These organotin compounds are polymers of dipropyl, dibutyl or diamyl tin aromatic acid salts. i

These organotin compounds comprise structural units which can be represented as follows:

In the above formula, R is an aromatic radical, having up to about thirty carbon atoms, and R R R and R are alkyl radicals having from three to five carbon atoms, such as n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec.-butyl, tert-butyl, n-amyl isoamyl, sec-amyl, 2-m'ethyl butyl (active amyl) and tert-amyl.

x is a number from about 0.7 to about 17. When 2: is other than an even integer, it will be understood that x represents an average value of x units in diiferent molecules.

y is a number from 1 to about 5. When is not an integer, it will be understood that it represents an average value for y groups in different molecules.

The ratio x/y is within the range from about 0.7 to about 3.5, and preferably from about 1 to about 3. The most preferred compounds have the ratio x/y of from about 1.7 to about 2.5.

(when x is equal to or greater than 2y, z =0).

z =x2y (when 2y is equal to or greater than x, 2 :0).

When 2yx=0 and x2y=0, 2 is equal to z and both are equal to O.

The [-0-] groups serve as linking radicals between l a l it T] it.

groups may be linked coordinately thereto as residues of the normal salts. It will be evident that when the ratio x/y is 4 the compound is in fact the normal salt, and when x is 0, Z3 is 0, y is 1 and Z1 is l, the compound is dialkyltin oxide. Both of these compounds, of course, are outside of the scope of the compounds of the invention, as represented by the above.

The aromatic ring can have from 1 to 5 substituents per ring, preferably not over 3, with the ortho positions free. Suitable substituent groups include organic groups such as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic substituent groups, as well as inorganic groups such as halogen, nitro and hydroxy. Preferably, the substituent groups are alkyl groups having up to ten carbon atoms, and aryl groups, alkaryl or aralkyl groups and condensed aryl or aralkyl groups having up to twentyfive carbon atoms each and unsaturated aliphatic groups, the groups being connected to the ring directly or through oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms. The organic substituent groups may be hydrocarbon or they may be substituted with inert radicals such as, for example, halogen, phosphate, hydroxy, carbalkoxy, carbonyl, etc.

Typical alkyl substituents include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl and the various isomers of each. Exemplary aryl substituents include phenyl, naphthyl and phenanthryl. Exemplary alkaryl or aralkyl substituents include o-tolyl, p-tolyl, m-tolyl, m-xylyl, p-xylyl, p-butylphenyl, p-isononylphenyl, p-tertiary octylphenyl, beta-methylnaphthyl, alpha-methylnaphthyl. Heterocyclic groups, and the 5 groups include furyl and furfuryl and cycloaliphatic groups include cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

Examples of the preferred aromatic R groups include: p-tolyl, p-phenoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, p-t-butylphenyl, salicyl, p-ethylphenyl, p-cresotinyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-chloroethylphenyl, p-ethylthiophenyl, p-nitrophenyl, pdiphenyl, beta-naphthyl, S-ethyl-beta-naphthyl, 7-chl0- ro-beta-naphthyl, p-propylphenylphenyl, p-4-nitrooctylphenyl, p-hydroxyethylphenyl, p-styrylphenyl, 7-hexylbeta-naphthyl, p-naphthylphenyl, p-phenylthiophenyl, ppyridinophenyl, p-furfurylphenyl, p-thienylphenyl, p-furylphenyl, pyranylphenyl and p-indolylphenyl.

These novel polymeric salt compounds are characterized by alkyl radicals having three to five carbon atoms linked to the tin through carbon, and by aromatic carboxylate radicals linked to tin through the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic acid group. In addition, the tin atoms are linked in a ring through oxygen and carbon atoms.

The compounds in the preferred group of this invention have a melting point maximum at a degree of polymeri zation where x/y is in the range between about 1.7 and about 2.5 and ideally where x/y equals 2.0. This group is characterized as having R being selected from the group consisting of metaand para-substituted phenyl unsubstituted in the ortho position and beta-naphthyl groups.

This preferred group of materials has a maximum melting point where x/y is about 2.0, that is above 110 C., and do not soften below 100 C. This high melting threedimensional crystalline material does not decrease the structural rigidity of an unplasticized resin to which the material is added. In addition, these materials unexpectedly have a low solubility in organic solvents, which of course, makes them valuable for resins used to make containers for organic materials such as liquid solvents or foodstufis. These preferred materials, as a result of their lower solubility, exhibit a lower tendency to migrate and are therefore useful as additives for resins used for the manufacture of containers for foods.

The representational formula of the constituent units of the compounds of the invention is not a structural formula, but the units shown are believed to be linked in a cyclic structure. The prior art polymeric compounds containing more than one tin atom, such as those of US. Patents Nos. 2,592,926, 2,626,953 and 2,628,211, are represented as linear polymers made of units. It is believed, in contrast, that the compounds of the invention are cyclic polymers.

Unlike the prior art linear polymers, the compounds of the invention are believed to have cyclic structures illustrated by the following possible structures, using polymeric dibutyltin toluate as illustrative:

(C Ho) 2-in- G s 4 9):

The exact cyclic structure is not fully understood; however, it is believed that the resonance contribution of the aromatic acyl groups may favor the formation of a ring structure which is actually a resonance hybrid of the structures shown by the formulae 1 to 14, above, as is an aromatic ring. Therefore, the indication of single and double carbon-oxygen bonds, and covalent and cordinate tin-oxygen bonds, are arbitrary. Such a resonating structure would have a high degree of stability, analogous to an aryl ring.

It is also posisble to describe these organotin compounds by the simplified representation shown below, omitting the R: [O] and S:n

OSLO-CH,

groups, which are not always present and are not components imparting cyrstallinity and the other distinctive features of the compounds of the invention.

In this formula, R R R R and R x, y and x/y areas above.

The following compounds are given, using this simplified representation, as illustrative of compounds falling within the invention. It will be understood that these compounds can have a cyclic structure as indicated above, according to the values of x and y. The following simplified formulae merely suggest the cyclic structure of these compounds.

LO a

m dium tn-oiuaniz The dialkyltin salts coming within the invention are crystalline solids, and have melting points above C. within the degree of polymerization indicated above. These compounds form needles or granular crystals, depending on the solvent from which they are crystallized.

The crystal structure is not the same as that of dialkyltin oxide, showing that these polymeric organotin salts are true compounds, and not mere mixtures of the dialkyltin aromatic acid carboxylate and dialkyltin oxide. In this respect, they differ from the higher polymers of US. Patent No. 2,628,211, which discloses these highermelting solids as being Waxy or amorphous in nature, and not crystalline.

These compounds can be prepared by reaction of the corresponding aromatic acid with an excess of organotin oxide above that necessary to form the normal salt, i.e. a salt having a single tin atom per molecule, or two acid groups per tin atom, e.g. (R) Sn(OOCR Alternatively, these novel crystalline salts may be formed by the reaction of the corresponding dialkyltin dihalide and aromatic acid salt in the basic medium, e.g.

A preferred procedure is to react the normal dialkyltin aromatic acid carboxylate salt with a dialkyltin oxide to form the polymeric crystalline salts of this invention. The reaction is carried out above the melting point of the dialkyltin carboxylate salt product. The dialkyltin oxide is dissolved into the melted salt. The melt is kept at reaction temperature for between 15 and 30 minutes, and then cooled down. The resultant product is crystalline. The reaction temperature for the first reaction between the oxide and the acid is the same.

These compounds are excellent stabilizers for unplasticized (rigid) halogen-containing resins, because they are crystalline high-melting solids. Because of their high melting points, which are well above the heat deformation temperature of rigid PVC (80 (3.), they do not degrade the mechanical properties of the resin below that temperature. Liquids and low melting or amorphous solids tend to structurally weaken a resin when present in high proportions.

These crystalline polymeric salts are easily formulated in powdered stabilizer formulations. They are compatible with the resins in the proportions required to effect good stabilization, and, accordingly, give clear formulations from which the stabilizer has no tendency to exude. Their solubility in most organic solvents is unexpectedly lower, and thereby they have a far lesser tendency to be leached out from, or to migrate from, the resin when it is used for the packaging of foods or other organic materials.

These crystalline cyclic polymeric salts are added in the amount from 0.5 to 10 parts by weight for parts of resin, and preferably from about 1 to about 5 parts by weight.

The products of this invention are applicable to any polyvinyl chloride resin. The term polyvinyl chloride as used herein is inclusive of any polymer formed at least in part of the recurring group:

X -CH(.L,-

and having chlorine content in excess of 40%. In this group, the X groups can each be either hydrogen or chlorine, and n is the number of such units in the polymer chain. In polyvinyl chloride homopolymers, each of the X groups is hydrogen. Thus, the term includes not only polyvinyl chloride homopolymers but also after-chlorinated polyvinyl chlorides as a class, for example, those disclosed in British Patent No. 893,288 and also copolymers of vinyl chloride in a major proportion and other copolymerizable monomers in a minor proportion, such as copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, copolymers of vinyl chloride with maleic or fumaric acids or esters, and copolymers of vinyl chloride with styrene. The invention also is applicable to mixtures of polyvinyl chloride in a major proportion with a minor proportion of other synthetic resins'as chlorinated polyethylene or a copolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene.

The invention is of particular application to the stabilizatlon of rigid polyvinyl chloride resin compositions, that is, resin compositions which are formulated to withstand high processing temperatures, of the order of 375 F. and higher, and whose mechanical strength would be adversely affected by a liquid or low melting additive. However, the stabilizer compositions of the invention can be used with plasticized polyvinyl chloride resin compositions of conventional formulation even though res1stance to heat distortion is not a requisite. Conventional plasticizers well known to those skilled in the art can be employed such as, for example, dioctyl phthalate, octyl diphenylphosphate and epoxidized soybean oil.

Particularly useful plasticizers are the epoxy higher esters having from 20 to'150 carbon atoms. Such esters will initially have had unsaturation in the alhohol or acid portion of the molecule, which is taken up by the formation of the epoxy group.

Typical unsaturated acids are acrylic, oleic, linoleic, lionlenic, erucic, ricinoleic and brassidic acids, and these may be esterified with organic monohydric or polyhydric alcohols, the total number of carbon atoms of the acid and the alcohol being within the range stated. Typical monohydric alcohols include butyl alcohol, Z-ethyl hexyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isooctyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, and oleyl alcohol. The octyl alcohls are preferred. Typical polyhydric alcohols include pentaerythritol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, ricinoleyl alcohol, erythritol, mannitol and sorbitol. Glycerol is preferred. These alcohols may be fully or partially esterified with the epoxidized acid. Also useful are the epoxidized mixtures of higher fatty acid esters found in naturally-occurring oils such as epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized olive oil, epoxidized coconut oil, epoxidized cotton-seed oil, epoxidized tall oil fatty acid esters and epoxidized tallow. Of these, epoxidized soybean oil is preferred.

The alcohol can contain the epoxy group and have a long or short chain, and the acid can have a short or long chain, such as epoxystearyl acetate, epoxystearyl stearate, glycidyl stearate, and polymerized glycidyl methacrylate.

The polymeric crystalline salts of the invention can, if desired, be employed in conjunction with other stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride resins.

As supplemental stabilizers, there can be employed metal salt stabilizers of the type described in the Leistner et al. Patents Nos. 2,564,646 and 2,716,092 and other patents in this field. The metal salt stabilizer is a salt of a polyvalent metal and an organic acid having from six to twenty carbon atoms. The acid should be monocarboxylic, and it should not contain nitrogen atoms in the molecule. Aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic and oxygencontaining heterocyclic monocarboxylic acids are opera- Live, as a class. The acids may be substituted, if desired, with groups such as halogen, sulphur, and hydroxyl. The oxygen-containing heterocyclic acids include oxygen and carbon in the ring structure, of which alkyl-substituted furoic acids are exemplary. As exemplaryof the acids there can be mentioned the following: caproic acid, capric acid, 2-ethyl hexoic acid, lauric acid, chlorocaproic acid, hydroxy capric acid, stearic aicd, hydroxy stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, myristic acid, dodecyl thioether propionic-acid C H S-(CH -COOH, hexahydrobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, isobutylbenzoic acid, monoethyl ester of phthalic acid, ethyl benzoic acid, isopropyl benzoic acid, ricinoleic acid, p-tbutylbenzoic acid, n-hexyl benzoic acid, salicyclic acid, naphthoic acid, l-naphthalene acetic acid, orthobenzoyl benzoic acid, naphthetic acids derived from petroleum abietic acid, dihydroabietic acid, and methyl furoic acid. These are used in the form of their metal salts,-particularly the alkaline earth metal salts, such as magnesium, barium, strontium and calcium, and the zinc, cadmium, lead and tin salts. Where these salts are not known, they are made by theusual types of reaction, such as by mixing the acid, acid chloride or anhydride with the corresponding oxide or hydroxide of the metal in a liquid solvent, and heating, if necessary, until salt formaation is complete. The barium, cadmium and zinc compounds are preferred.

Additional stabilizers which add to the heat stabilizing efiiciency of the compounds of this invention and which particularly impart important-oxidation resistance to the resins are the phenols. The phenol compounds have the structure:

wherein R can be hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkaryl,

' aralkyl, cycloalkyl, hydrocarbon groups containing from wherein Q Q and Q, are each inert substituent groups on the phenyl nucleus; Z and Z are bivalent linking radicals; m is an integer from zero to a maximum of 5(x2+y m can be an integer from zero to three and m an integer from zero to four; at, can be an integer from zero to about six and x an integer from one to five, preferably one. Preferably, the hydroxyl groups in polycyclic phenols are located ortho and/ or para to Z. There can be one or more hydroxyl groups per phenyl nucleus, y y and y representing the number thereof. Preferably, there will be only one hydroxyl group per phenyl nucleus. The phenolic hydroxyl may be either hindered, i.e., substituted in both positions ortho to the hydroxyl group, or partially hindered or unhindered, i.e. substituted in one or neither position.

19' Z can be a single bond, as in diphenyl, or a bivalent group such as:

Representative phenols include guaiacol, resorcinol monoacetate, vanillin, butyl salicylate, 2,6-ditert-butyl-4- methyl phenol, 2-tert-butyl-4methoxy phenol, 2,4-dinonyl phenol, 2,3,4,5-tetradecyl phenol, tetrahydro-a-naphthol, ortho, meta and paracresol, ortho, meta and para-phenylphenol, ortho, meta and para-xylenols, the carvenols, symmetrical xylenol, thymol, ortho, meta and para-nonylphenol, ortho, meta and para-dodecyl phenol, and ortho, meta and para-octyl phenol, oand mtert.butyl-p-cresol, p-n-decycloxy phenol, p-ndecyloxy cresol, nonyl n-decyloxy cresol, eugenol, isoeugenol, gly-ceryl monosiliylate, methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, ethyl-p-hydroxy cinnamate, 4-benzyloxyphenol, p-acetylaminophenol, p-stearylaminophenol, p-di-chlorobenzoylaminophenol and phydroxysalicyl anilide.

Exemplary polyhydric phenols are orcinol, propyl gallate, catechol, resorcinol, 4-octyl resorcinol, 4-dodecyl resorcinol, 4-octadecyl catechol, 4-isooctyl-phloroglucinol, pyrogallol, hexahydroxy benzene, 4-is-ohexylcatechol, 2,6- ditertiary-butyl resorcinol, 2,6-diisopropyl phloroglucinol.

Exemplary polyhydric bisphenols are methylenebis- (2,6-ditertiarybutyl-phenol), 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxy phenyl) propane, methylene-bis-(p-cresol), 4,4-oxobis-(3-methyl- 6-isopropyl phenol), 2,2-oxobis-(4-dodecyl phenol), 4,4- n-butylidenebis-(Z-tertiary butyl-S-methylphenol), 4,4- benzylidenebis-(Z-tertiary butyl 5 methylphenol), 4,4- cyclohexylidenebis-(Z-tertiary butylphenol), 4,4-thiobisphenol, 4,4'thiobis(3-methyl 6 tertiary-butylphenol), 2,2-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tertiary-butylphenol), 2,2-methylenebis(4-methyl 6 (1'-methyl-cyclohexyl)-phenyl), 2,6-bis(2-hydroxy 3' tertiary-butyl-S'-methylbenzyl)- 4-methylphenol, 1,1,3-tris(2-methyl 4' hydroxy-5-tert buty-l-phenyl) butane.

Aromatic amines which may be added to the crystalline salts of this invention as supplemental stabilizers are represented by the formula:

9 ZF- N wherein Z is an aromatic nucleus containing one or more separate or condensed aromatic rings, such as benzene and naphthalene rings, the nitrogen atoms being attached to the ring as a substituent, or consituting a ring atom in a heterocyclic ring, which may itself be saturated or unsaturated, or even aromatic, and wherein R and R are present depending on the number of valences of the nitrogen unattached to the ring. R and R can each be hydrogen or alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl hydrocarbon groups containing from one to thirty carbon atoms. Preferably, each of R and R contains from one to ten carbon atoms. y can be any integer from one to the maximum number of available positions for substituents on the aromatic nucleus, usually six or eight per nucleus. These aromatic amine stabilizers are more fully set forth in US. application Ser. No. 161,769, filed on Dec. 19, 1961 by Otto S. Kauder now US. Patent No. 3,222,317.

A-lso effective as stabilizers are organic compounds containing at least one epoxy group. These compounds may be used to supplement the essential stabilizers. The amount can range from 0 to parts by weight per 100 parts of resin, depending upon the effect desired; as many epoxy compounds are also plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride resins, the amount to be added will depend on whether it is desired to plasticize the resin.

Any epoxy compound can be used. The compounds can be aliphatic or cycloaliphatic in character, but aromatic, heterocyclic, and alicyclic groups can also be present. The compounds have from 10 to carbon atoms. The longer chain aliphatic compounds of 22 carbon atoms and more are also plasticizers. These are more fully set out in US. application Ser. No. 161,769 filed Dec. 19, 1961 by Kauder now US. Patent No. 3,222,317. Typical epoxy stabilizer compounds that are not also plasticizers include epoxy carboxylic acids such as epoxy stearic acid, glycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols and phenols, such as triglycidyl glycerine, diglycidyl ether of diethylene glycol, glycidyl epoxy stearyl ether, 1,4-bis(2,3-epoxy-propoxy) benzene, 4,4 bis(2,3 epoxypropoxy) diphenyl ether, 1,8 bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) octane, 1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) cyclohexane, and l,3-bis(4,5-epoxy pentoxy) 5- chlorobenzene, the epoxypolyethers of polyhyric phenols, obtained by reacting a polyhydric phenol with a halogencontaining epoxide or dihalohydrin, such as the reaction products of resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, methyl resorcinol or polynuclear phenols such as 2,2'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (Bisphenol A), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) butane, 4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone and 1,5-dihydroxy naphthalene with halogen-containing epoxides such as 3-chl0ro-1,2-epoxybutane, 3-chloro-1,2-epoxyoctane and epichlorhydrin.

Organic sulfides containing the nucleus in the molecule, are extremely effective supplemental stabilizers with the organotin materials of this invention. This group can be attached to other structures forming saturated or unsaturated straight or branched open chain or carbocyclic or nonaromatic heterocyclic sulfides. The groups attached to the nucleus can be substituted with other groups such as alkyl, aryl, carbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amido, nitrile, ester, oxyether, thioether, hydroxyl and halogen groups.

The preferred organic sulfides can be characterized by the formula:

in which Z Z Z and Z can each he hydrogen or an organic group containing from one to about thirty carbon atoms. Z and Z can be taken together as a heterocyclic ring including the sulfur. Z Z Z and Z can for example be saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals such as alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl and alkylarylalkyl, or radicals including oxygenated groups and/or additional oxyand thiocarboxylic acid, oxy. and thiocarboxylic ester, hydroxyl, amido, nitrile, oxyether, thioether, and carbonyl groups and halogen atoms such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Another group of organic sulfur-containing compounds which are excellent supplemental stabilizers for use with the crystalline organotin compounds of this invention'are the 'mercapto-acid compounds. These include the ali phatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic and heterocyclic acids, which contain at least one mercapto group, and can also 1 contain inert substituents such as halogen, hydroxyl, keto' and alkoxy groups, such as, for example, mercaptoacetic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, mercaptolinoleic acid, mercaptooleic acid, mercaptoricinoleic acid, mercaptostearic acid, mercaptobutyric acid, mercaptovaleric acid, mercaptohexanoic acid, mercaptooctanoic acid, thiolactic acid, mercaptolevulinic acid, mercaptolauric acid, mercaptobehenic acid, thiotartaric acid, mercaptopalmitic acid,-mercaptomethylbenzoic acid, mercaptocyclohexane carboxylic acid, mercaptofuroic acid, mercaptoglutaric acid, mercaptoazelaic acid, mercaptom'alonic acid, mercaptoadipic acid, mercapto-pimelic acid, mercaptosuberic acid, mercaptosebacic acid, and. mercaptoterephthalie acid, and their metal salts, and esters thereof with mono and polyhydric alcohols having from one to about thirty carbon atoms.

A totalof from 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of the stabilizers can be used for each 100 parts by weight of the resin. More stabilizer composition can be used, but usually no better results are obtained, and therefore such amounts are uneconomical and wasteful. Furthermore, to preserve the advantages of using the crystalline highmelting salts of this invention with rigid polyvinyl chloride resins, if any liquid supplemental additives are used they should be kept to a minimum.

A small amount, usually not more than 1.5% of a parting agent, also can be included. Typical parting agents are the higher aliphatic acids having from twelve to twenty-four carbon atoms, such as stearic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and myristic acid, mineral lubricating oils, 1,3-butylene glycol ester of oxidized montan wax fatty acids, polyvinyl stearate, polyethylene and .parafiin wax. Y Y

This newsolid stabilizer material can of course be used with many of the liquid prior art additives listed above. However, it is obvious that when using these liquid additives or when "using 'plasticized resin, much of the advantage gained'in the mechanicalpropertiesof the resin by the use of the solid stabilizer is lost or becomes unnecessary. Therefore, it is the solid additives combined with these crystalline basic Organotirr salts whigh provide the best combination of additives.

The preparation of the stabilized composition is easily' time suflicient to form a homogeneous-sheet, five minutes,

usually. If desired, a plasticizer can be added to the resin mixture any time prior to milling the mixture. After the mass is uniform, it is sheeted off in the usual way.

Example 1 A high-melting cyclic crystalline salt, bis(dibutyltin) di(p-t-butyl benzoate), was prepared by reacting dibutyltin oxide with p-tert-butyl benzoic' acid at 180 C. in the ratio of 1:1. The'product was a crystalline. .solid which melted at about 169-172" C. The product was analyzed to obtain the alkyl tin oxide content by titrating one gram samples of the organotin compound dissolved in 25 cc.

22 acetic acid according to the equation, for a normal salt, for example:

The titration is continued to an endpoint indicated by W IY J J, 1 19 T 11 s t r hown i e-.1, IHihiS and the following-Examples R R R and R are generally'the same groups unless indicated otherwise. The

degree of polymerization is given as the ratio x/y.

Examples 2 to 6 Dibutyltin oxide was reacted with para-toluic acid at .180" C. A portion was reacted in a 1.522 molar ratio, oxide-to-acid, another portion in a 19:2 molar ratio, and a third in a 1:1 molar ratio. Portions of dibutyltin oxide were also reacted with ortho-toluic acid in molar ratios of 3:2 and 2:1. The melting points were determined and are also given in Table I below as Examples 2 to 6 respec- Examples7 to 20 Similarly, melting'points were obtained for various other crystalline dialkyltin salts formed as described in Examples-1 to 6, using the corresponding dialkyltin oxides and aromatic acids. These materials are set out in Table I as Examples 7 to 20, along with their melting points. Melting points of TABLE I 1 1 OC=O a a t E i '7 l R: R. R. Y

Ex- Melting Analysis ample point, (percent No. R1 2 a 4 5 /Y mms) 1 P(CH )3CCH4 n-CgHo 2. 0 169-172 54. 5 2 p-CH3CuH4 n-C4Ho 2. 7 107-114 56. 3 3.-----" p-CHaCsH4 n-C4Hn 2. 0 144-147 61.8 4 p-cHscaHt I1-C4H9 1.9 112-126 64. 0 0-CH CoH4 I).C4H 1. 3 89-93 70. 5 n-C4Hu 1 104-107 74. 0 n-C4H9 2. 5 97-99 50. 8 I1-C4Hn 2. 0 135-137 56. 1 n-CsHe 1. 9 116-119 57. 4 n-C4H0 1.7 112-115 59. 5 n-CiHv 2. 5 119-123 53. 0 n-CiHa v 2. 0 145-149 59. 4 n-C4H9 1. 9 130-136 59. 2 n-C4Hn 1. 7 116-119 61. 0 1'1-C4H9 2. 7 106-108 50. 9 16 00511500114 Il-C4H9 2. 1 117-119 55. 7 17 pCaH5CH4 I1-C4H9 2. 0 123-125 61. 2 CeHsCuHA 11-C4H9 1. 8 110-112 80. 9 CHahC-CaHs n-CaHT 2. 0 161-164 53. 9 C 2. 0 149-152 58. 8

The unique property of the salts in the more preferred group, i.e. those having a melting point maximum at x/ y 'is about 2.0, is shown by comparing the melting points of Examples 2-4, 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18. In each of "'"the'se" cas'esfthe melting point isat a maximum when 'x/y is about 2.0.

Example 21 A series of plasticized formulations was prepared having the following composition:

Plastic composition: Parts by weight Geon 101 EP (homopolymer of vinyl chloride) Dioctyl phthalate 50 ""Wax E (1,3-butylene glycol ester of oxidized v montan wax acid 0.25 Stabilizer 1 As shown in Table II.

The stabilizer was added in the proportions noted in Table II and was blended with the polyvinyl chloride glacialacetic acid with a 2.N /10 HBr dissolvedin glaciaL75, resin The mixture was fused on a two-roll mill and 23 sheeted off. Samples were cut from the sheet and heated in an oven at 350 F. to determine heat stability. Samples were withdrawn at fifteen minute intervals, and the discoloration was noted. The color is reported in Table II 24 tin compounds of this invention at temperatures of 350 F. and 375 F. It shows the increased stabilization obtained when the organotin compounds are added to a control sample which contained only a phenolic antioxidant below. and a mercaptoacid compound.

TABLE II Composition A B Example 21 Time of 1.75 parts dibutyltin 1.25 parts bis dibutyltin heating 2 parts dibutyltin di-(p'tert bntyDbenzoate di-(p-tert butyl benzoate) (min.) dilauratc (color) (normal salt) (color) (x/y=2) (color) Colorless... Colorless Colorless.

Pale yellow Pale yellow pale yellow 30. Yellow." Yellow... yellow. 45. o do Yellow. 60... Deep yellow Deep yellow. Deep yellow. 75. Dark yellow Dark yellow Dark yellow 90... Yellow brown Yellow brown Yellow brown. 105 Yellow brown w/black Yellow brown w/black Do.

spot. spot. 120 Charred Charred Do.

=Identified as the compound of Example 1.

Examples 22-25 Example 21 was repeated using a rigid unplasticized PVC resin formulation having the following composition:

Parts by weight Homopolymer (Diamond 450) 150 Thiomalic acid 0.3 2,6-di-t-butylp-cresol 0.6

Organotin compound (1) 1 As shown in Table III.

The formulation was blended, shaped and tested as described in Example 21, with the tests being run at both 350 F. and 375 F. The organotin compounds added to the base formulation are set out in Table III with the test results.

The crystalline organotin compounds added are identified with reference to previous examples where they are fully described.

Table III indicates the initial color of the sample and the time it takes for a moderate color change to appear, as well as the time for severe discoloration to occur. By severe discoloration is meant the formation of an opaque, extremely dark or charred appearance.

TABLE III Example 26 The procedure of Examples 22-25 was repeated using as the resin 127.5 parts of Vinylite VYHH, a copolymer of 87% vinyl chloride and 13% vinyl acetate, and 22 /2 parts of Vinylite VYNS, a copolymer of 90% vinyl chloride .and 10% vinyl acetate. This copolymeric resin was blended, shaped and tested as in Examples 22- 25. The materials did not char after more than 120 minutes in the oven at 350 F. indicating that the stabilizer combination of this invention is also effective with copolymers of. vinyl chloride.

Examples 27-30 The procedure of Examples 22-25 was repeated in blending, shaping and testing a rigid resin formulation having the following composition:

Parts by weight PVC homopolymer (Diamond 450) 1S0 Wax E (1,3-butyleneglycol ester of oxidized montanwax acids) 0.15 1,1,3-tris (2'-m ethyl- 4' -hydroxy- '-t-butylphenyl) butane (antioxidant) 0.15 Bis (di-n-butyltin) di-(p-t-butylbenzoate) (y=l) (x=2) (Example 1) Supplemental stabilizer As shown in Table IV.

Time to reach (min.)

Organotin Moderate color change Severe discoloration atateompounds as Example shown in Parts by No. Table I weight Initial color -350 F. 375 1. 350 F. 375 F.

None Very light yellow... 15 1. 5 Colorless 90 45 120 105 1. 90 45 120 1. 45 120 90 1. 45 90 Table III shows the effectiveness as a stabilizing addi- 65 The test results for Examples 27-30 are given in Table tive for polyvinyl chloride resins of the crystalline organo- IV, below.

TABLE IV Time to reach severe discoloration (min.) Example 7 I Parts by N0. Addltlves weight Initial color .At 350 F. At 375 F.

Control--- None Light tan. 90 45 27 Sulfur 0. 3 Colorless 120 75 28 Thiomalic acid 0. (1 120 120 29. Thiodipropionie acid 0. 120 90 30... Mercaptobenzoic acid- 0. 120 90 in far superior stabilizing activity.

. Example 31 The solubility of the crystalline cyclic organotin salts was determined and compared to the corresponding normal salt of the crystalline material. Several one-gram samples of normal dibutyltin di(pt-butylbenzoate) t-Om-Q-cOmSnBu and of the corresponding crystalline. cyclic polymeric organotinsalts of this invention where x/y=2.0, were weighed into separate tared beakers and stirred with 10 ml. portions of the solvents shown in TableiV below. If the organotin compounds did not completely dissolve in the solvent at room temperaturefthe mixture was warmed for up to one hour in a stea m bath. 'If the organotin compound did not completely; dissolve after one hour of heating, the mixture was allowed to settle and the supernatant liquid was decanted off, and the remaining solids were then washed with a liquid in which they were not soluble, and finally heated and dried in an oven at 70 C. The'dried solid material, still in the tared' beaker, was finally weighed to determine what portion'of the original material had dissolved. The solubilities of the crystalline cyclic saltof this invention in the various solvents tested are shown in Table V as grams of compounds per hundred ml. of the solvent and also in terms of grams of tin dissolved 'per hundred ml. of solvent. p

. The normal organotin salt dissolved completely in all of the above solvents, except-water, at a temperature of less than 45 C. showing a solubility of 10 g. or more per 100 ml. of solvent/In water the solubility was 0.2 g. per 100 ml. solvent.

As shown in Table V, above, however, the crystalline polymeric cyclic'salt of this inventionis less soluble in all of the organic solvents tested, with the exception of chloroform. Furthermore, the crystalline cyclic organotin salt of this invention dissolved only when the solvent reached a temperature of 60C.

Examples 32-34 The procedure of Examples 23 through 25 was repeated in blending, shaping and testing at 350 F. a plasticized formulation having the following composition.

Parts by weight PVC homopolymer (Solvic 229) 127.5

Chlorinated polyethylene 22.5 Epoxidized soybean oil 7.5 2,6-di-tert butyl-p-cresol 0.6 Stabilizing additives 1 1 As shown in Table VI.

The test results for Examples 32 through 34 are given in Table VI, below.

TABLE VI Time to reach severe discoloration at 350? F (mm) 2. 4 Cloudy white.

Example N0. Additives Control... Compound of Ex. 1. 32 Compound of Ex. 1. Sulfur Compound of 1. 8

Ex. 1. Thio-diacetic acid- Compound of Ex. 1. Thiomalic acid.

33. Transparent The results of Table VI show the advantages in increased stabilizing effectiveness secured by mixing the crystalline cyclic organotin salts of this-invention with the supplemental stabilizers disclosed above. As shown in Table VI a true synergistic interaction results in far superior stabilizing activity.

Having regard to the foregoing disclosure, the following is claimed as the invention and patentable'ernbodi- .ments thereof:

1. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition having improved resistance to deterioration when heated at 350 F. comprising a polyvinyl chloride resin and a crystalline cyclic organotin salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid characterized by a melting point of at least C., and comprising structural units having the formula:

and when x is equal to or greater than 2y, 2 :0;

z =x-2y, and when 2y is equal to or greater than x,

when 2yx=0 and x-2y=0, 2 is equal to Z and both are equal to zero.

2. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein R of the crystalline salt is selected from the group consisting of paraand metasubstituted phenyl, unsubstituted in the ortho-position, and 'beta-naphthyl.

3. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ratio of x/ y in the crystalline salt is in the range from about 1.7 to about 2.5.

4. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 3 wherein R R R and R of the crystalline salt are all butyl.

5. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 3 wherein R R R and R of the crystalline salt are allpropyl. p

. 6. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 3 wherein R R R and R of the crystalline salt are all amyl.

7. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 3 wherein R of the crystalline salt is para-substituted phenyl, unsubstituted in the ortho-position.

8. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 7 wherein R of the crystalline salt is a p-alkyl substituted phenyl, unsubstituted in the orthoposition.

9. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 7 wherein R of the crystalline salt is a p-halo substituted phenyl, unsubstituted in the orthoposition.

10. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 7 wherein R of the crsytalline salt is a p-aryl phenyl group, unsubstituted in the ortho-position.

11. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 3 wherein R of the crystalline salt is beta-naphthyl.

12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the crystalline salt is present in an amount in the range from about 0.5 to about 10%.

13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyvinyl chloride resin is a homopolymer of polyvinyl chloride.

14. A stabilizer composition for vinyl chloride resins comprising a crystalline cyclic dialkyltin salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid characterized by a melting point of at least 90 C., and comprising structural units having the formula:

wherein:

R is an aromatic radical having from six to about thirty carbon atoms and is attached to the carboxylic acid group by a carbon atom of the aromatic radical;

R R R and R are alkyl radicals having from three to five carbon atoms;

x is a number Within the range from about 0.7 to

about 17;

y is a number from about 1 to about 5;

the ratio x/y is within the range from about 0.7 to

about 3.5;

and when x is equal to or greater than 2y, 2 2 :20-23, and when 2y is equal to or greater than x, 2 :0; and when 2y-x=0 and x2y=0, 2 is equal to Z and both are equal to zero; and a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of:

(a) phenols having the structure:

wherein R is hydrogen, or alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, hydrocarbon groups containing from one to thirty carbon atoms, heterocyclic sulfur-containing groups, alkoxy, halogen or acyl (R'C=O), where R is aryl, alkyl or hydrogen, x and x are integers from one to four and the sum of x and x does not exceed 6; and polycyclic phenols having the wherein Q Q and Q are each inert substituent groups on the phenyl nucleus; Z and Z are bivalent linking radicals; m is an integer from zero to a maximum of 5(x +y m can be an integer from zero to three; m; an integer from zero to four; x can be an integer from zero to about six and x an integer from one to five; y y and y represent the number of hydroxyl groups and are each equal to at least one; (b) organic sulfides containing the nucleus (c) mercapto acid compounds containing at least one mercapto group;

(d) organic compounds containing at least one epoxy group;

(e) polyvalent metal salts of organic non-nitrogenous monocarboxylic acids having from six to twenty carbon atoms; and

(f) organic amines having the formula:

(R9) Z; N

wherein Z is an aromatic nucleus attached to the nitrogen through a ring carbon atom, the nitrogen atom being attached to the ring as a substituent or constituting a ring atom in a heterocyclic ring, R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl groups containing from one to thirty carbon atoms, Z1 and Z2 are each zero or one, y is an integer from one to three, the sum of Z1, Z2 and y being three; and mixtures thereof.

15. A stabilizer composition in accordance with claim 14 in which the additional stabilizer is the said phenol or the said polycyclic phenol.

16. A stabilizer composition in accordance with claim 14, in which the additional stabilizer is an organic sulfide.

17. A stabilizer composition in accordance with claim 14, in which the additional stabilizer is a mercapto acid compound.

18. A stabilizer composition according to claim 17 wherein the mercapto-acid compound is thiomalic acid.

19. The stabilizer composition of claim 18 comprising in addition an epoxy compound.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,628,211 2/1953 Mack et al 260--45.75 3,222,317 12/1965 Kauder 26045.75

DONALD E. CZAJA, Primary Examiner V. P. HOKE, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.

( 791' UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE \L DJ; M

CERTIFICATE CQRRECiION 3,459,472 Dated July 29, 1969 Patent No Inventor(s) It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

6 Col. 3, lines 48-49 "-E Sn-O} should be -E ?n-O3- Col. -5, Formula 1 the right hand portion of the formula reado o c -C CH3" should be c- 3-cn Col. 11, line 69, "posisble" should be possible Col. 12, line 26, "cyrstallinity" should be crystallinity Col. 13, Formula 8, bottom line, that portion of the formula l I reading (r1-Q ,H-,) should be. (n-C H,)

Col. 14, Formula 14, bottom line, that portion of the formula l r l reading "(isoC H should be (isoC H-,)

Col. 15, Formula 16, bottom line, that portion of the formula I" 3 reading "(n-C 5 2 should read (n-Q fl Col. 15, formula 18, bottom line, that portion of the formula I 8 reading "(n-CH should be (nC 9)2 Col. 15, Formula 20, bottom line, that portion of the formula I l I I reading "(n-C H (n-C H should be --(n--C H (n-C H ro-wuu UNlTED STATES PATENT OFFICE 63 CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 458,472 Dated y 1969 Inventor) Otto S. Kauder It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Col. 17, line 16, "resins as" should be resins such as line 33, "alhdzol" should be --a1cohol line 43, "alcohls" should be --alcohols- Col. 18, line 4, "aicd" should be acid line 12, "naphthetic" should be --naphthenic line 12, Comma should be inserted following "petroleum" M, the hyphen between "important" and "oxidation" should be deleted.

11932, The formula (R'C- O Y should read --(R'C= 0-) line 52, lines 50-60, to line of formula, reading y y 9 should read 3H 9 Q y Col. 19, line 5, the formula printed -O should be Page 2 UNITED STA'lES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION 3,458,472 Dated July 29, 1969 Patent: No.

Inventor) Otto S. Kauder It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that; said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Col 19, line 14, the formula "-CH (CH H should be CH (CH -CH line 40 "decycloxy" should be --decyloxy line 41, "monosilishould be monosalic- SIGNED A'ND SEALED JUN '1 6 1970 (SEAL) Afloat:

EdwardM-Flolnhmlt.

0E5 mull m'sam JR. Attesung Commissioner or Pat-an? Page 3 

